Minggu, 06 Januari 2008

Cricket: State of the Game

The state of the game of cricket - emotions run high and perspective is lost

Cricket is a not a topic that we cover very much here at The Science of Sport. Most of our readers probably don't follow it, but being a South African, where cricket is one of the big three sports, I had to do a post on it today, and tie it into something I was writing the other day about team sports, character and moral fibre of champion teams. So even those who wonder what cricket is (Robin Williams called it "baselball on tranquilizers"!) do read on, there's more to this than simply a cricket discussion.

Australia beats India, and all hell breaks loose

Those who follow the game will have seen that Australia won their 16th consecutive test match yesterday, beating India in what was one of the most incredible and dramatic finishes to a Test Match that we have ever seen. The Indians, batting last, needed to survive the final day and fell about 7 balls short of doing so. It was magnificent entertainment and a great advert for the game.

However, no sooner had the Australian champagne corks fallen to the floor and the accusations began to fly. The allegations are numerous and varied, you can read them here if you wish, but basically, they revolve around two or three contentious incidents during the match.

The incidents - interpreted in the eye of the beholder

In the first incident, Ricky Ponting took a catch but the TV replays showed that the ball had touched the ground while in Ponting's hand. According to the rules, this is not a fair catch. Now, thankfully, the batsmen was not given out in this situation, and so the incident is argued distinct from the result of the match.

Not as distinct is the second incident, where the Australian fielder Michael Clarke claimed a low catch off Sourav Ganguly, and amidst doubt over whether the ball had been caught, it was Ponting who informed the umpire that the catch had been taken. This after Clarke had clearly indicated that he believed he had caught the ball. Nothing remarkable here, until you know that before the matches began, the Indian and Australian captains had agreed that they would follow an "honesty" principle when it came to these catches. Therefore, both captains agreed that they would be honest when it came to low catches, so quite why the Australians are now being accused of cheating is beyond me. For what it's worth, TV replays were inconclusive, as they usually are, but certainly do not suggest that the catch was unfair, as is now being claimed.

But more importantly, can you think of another sport where there is a verbal agreement between opposing teams that an "honesty policy" is implemented? Our readers in the USA, can you imagine if a batter would volunteer to give himself out if he felt the pitch was over the plate? Or that a wide receiver would admit to being out of bounds when he made a catch? Of course, it's a ridiculous notion, precisely because it gives the loser a platform to complain from. The winner will always enjoy the honesty system, the loser will resent it. And hence we have these accusations.

A justified disappointment, but irrational reactions

It simply does not add up. Now, one is tempted to dismiss the Indian rants as those of bad losers. But one does have to acknowledge that they do have a right to feel unhappy and upset about the result against Australia - the umpiring was poor and India deserved to get out of the match with at least a draw. Australia were, to be blunt, lucky. But how about this reaction from an Indian "expert" in a TV debate following the game:
"If Steve Bucknor walks the streets of Mumbai he would not be alive after an hour."
Come again? Did I read that right? Are we saying that a game of sport is so serious, so important, and human error so bad, that people will be killed for their mistakes? In my country, when people get mugged and killed for 100 dollars it would be considered an outrage, never mind over a cricket match.

And if you thought it was just some fans who were unhappy, the Indian team then threatened to pull out of the Tour to Australia based on the perceived injustices, including the 'incompetent umpiring'! This all against the backdrop of one of the Indian players being suspended for alleged racist remarks against Australia's Andrew Symonds, which is also threatening the status of the Tour.

When people react in this way, it's difficult to listen to anything else they say. For the Indians, their reaction displays a hypocrisy of enormous proportions, because rather than playing in the spirit of the game, they are holding their team to ransom, issuing death threats against umpires who "cost them the match", and generally behaving like 11-year olds after a school match gone wrong.

And so while the Australians are wrong to fight back, and don't endear themselves to anyone with their sometimes righteous attitude (it is of course easy to be perceived as righteous when you're winning all the time). This is where I do think that the Australians could take a lesson out of the professional book of behaviour from the NFL teams, who, as mentioned last week, have recognized that it's the TEAM character and virtue that is key to success on and off the field. It's all good and well to talk about individuals and their integrity, but it's the collective team integrity that is not optimally managed. I personally believe that Australia have this more correct than any other team (the sight of Andre Nel, Dale Steyn, Smith and Mark Boucher of South Africa verbally screaming at and abusing batsmen this past weekend was frankly embarassing and typical of the boorish attitude they have shown for years). But take a leaf out of the book of the Patriots, Packers and Cowboys, and we'll all be better off.

So let's hope that common sense prevails and people learn to be a little more analytical and thoughtful about sport, which is, after all, just a game.

Ross

Sabtu, 05 Januari 2008

Running News

Baldini talks up his chances in the heat, and the emergence of yet another Chinese challenger

Well, we did promise that Beijing would be one of our key focus points in 2008, so we thought we'd kick off with a short news-post based mostly around this interesting article we came across on Stefano Baldini, the Athens Olympic Marathon champion.

Baldini talks up his chances in the heat

To summarize, the article quotes Baldini speaking in an interview about his chances of defending his title in Beijing. In the interview, he states that:
"I think it can be a factor in my favour, I adapt well to conditions of this sort."
"No one likes to run in hot, humid conditions. But I manage to race well in them."
"When the weather is hot and humid, personal bests go out of the window"
Three interesting points from Baldini, and we certainly agree that adaptation, heat and humidity are going to be the keys in Beijing. In particular, his final point about the personal bests going out the window is very relevant. I suspect that as we approach the Beijing Marathon, all the talk will be about Gebrselassie, Tergat, Lel (if they run, that is), because of their racing pedigree.

However, I really do feel that we're in for a surprise in Beijing. Remember, the winning time at the IAAF World Championships in Osaka was 2:15:59, and while we didn't see athletes of the calibre of Gebrselassie and the other world's elite, I don't believe that the sub 2:06 credentials of these athletes will count for too much come the 35 km mark of the Beijing race.

So to repeat, if I was a Kenyan athletics administrator, I would be picking my team from the number of Kenyan athletes who are already based in the Far East, where the humidity and heat are part of the package. If Wanjiru runs in Beijing, he's the one guy who's both fast and accustomed to the conditions, and would be my favourite. Failing this, a Korean or Japanese runner is the next in line. One of the biggest problems for the big-name favourites is that they tend to avoid these conditions, running instead in cool, favourable conditions. And while this is perfectly acceptable, it does mean that Beijing will present unfamiliar racing conditions. Even a period of training leading up to the race won't replicate what a Korean or Japan-based Kenyan experiences, hence my favour for those athletes.

Look for the small men to feature

The other thing to look for is the smallest athlete in the race. The physiology of heat is fascinating and will be covered many times on this blog in the year ahead, but to repeat an often-raised point - all things being equal (which they very rarely are!), the smaller athlete will win in hot conditions.

Therefore, there has been a pretty good correlation between finishing position and body size in the Olympic Marathons, with the smaller, lighter athletes generally occupying higher positions. So this is another factor to consider.

The X-factor - the Beijing Smog

And then finally, the unknown factor for everyone is the pollution. We have written about this a couple of times on The Science of Sport already:
One year countdown - will Beijing's air be ready?
Olympic athletes will need face masks to run in Beijing
The pollution is an unknown quantity. Unfortunately, amidst all this talk of Beijing cleaning up its air, there is little evidence that it is happening. Initial promises to shut down factories and relocate them to outlying areas (which Baldini mentions) are no longer being kept. It seems that financial gain has won out in the debate, with many Chinese companies no longer adhering to initial promises to reduce emissions leading up to August. The UN has warned that the situation is getting worse, not better, and there have been days with smog so bad that flights have been delayed and children and elderly people forced indoors.

Now, when you're an elite athlete, this presents a unique problem, one which you can neither prepare for nor adapt to - no acclimatization here, I'm afraid. One elite South African runner could barely jog in Beijing in a training camp in 2007 and so the pollution may be a greater problem than anyone anticipates. Time will tell...

The Chinese marathon team is completed - more cause for concern...

On the women's marathon side, the Chinese have just made the third and final addition to their squad, and it's another cause for concern for all the other athletes who fancy their chances in Beijing.

Zhang Yingying, running her third marathon at the age of 18, has qualified for the Chinese Olympic squad by winning a marathon in Xiamen, in a world junior record time of 2:22:38.

I don't know what the environmental conditions were like on the day, but you can be sure that Yingying is another one who will be familiar and ready for the Beijing conditions. But more than this, she is clearly an athlete on the rise - her time was a world junior record, and a Personal Best by almost five minutes (her previous best was 2:27:20 last October).

Now, I'll steer clear of references to turtle-blood and other herbal supplements (for now, you can be sure it will come up in the future - the Chinese "machine" is most definitely not running on rice alone!), but let's just say that a 5 minute improvement in 4 months suggests there is more to come. She joins Zhou Chunxiu on the Chinese team (who I think is the favourite for the women's race), and they will certainly pose problems for Radcliffe, Noguchi and Ndereba.

Ciao!
Ross


Publications

Engaging in academic scholarship and the publication process is an important part of our lives as Sports Scientists, independent of who signs our paychecks.  Here you can find a list of all our scholarly activity, in reverse chronological order, with links to the abstracts on Pubmed.

Dugas JP. How hot is too hot?: Some considerations regarding temperature and performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2010 Dec;5(4):559-64.

Albertus-Kajee Y, Tucker R, Derman W, Lambert M. Alternative methods of normalising EMG during cycling. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2010 Dec;20(6):1036-43.

Winger JM, Dugas JP, Dugas LR. Beliefs about hydration and physiology drive drinking behaviours in runners. Br J Sports Med. 2010 Sep 28.

Tucker R, Collins M. The science of sex verification and athletic performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2010 Jun;5(2):127-39.

Hew-Butler T, Dugas JP, Noakes TD, Verbalis JG. Changes in plasma arginine vasopressin concentrations in cyclists participating in a 109-km cycle race. Br J Sports Med. 2010 Jun;44(8):594-7

Dugas J. How cool does immersion cooling for hyperthermia need to be? Clin J Sport Med. 2009 Nov;19(6):508-9.

Tucker R. The anticipatory regulation of performance: the physiological basis for pacing strategies and the development of a perception-based model for exercise performance. Br J Sports Med. 2009 Jun;43(6):392-400.

Tucker R, Noakes TD. The physiological regulation of pacing strategy during exercise: a critical review. Br J Sports Med. 2009 Jun;43(6):e1.

Tucker R. Thermoregulation, fatigue and exercise modality. Med Sport Sci. 2008;53:26-38.

Dugas JP, Oosthuizen U, Tucker R, Noakes TD. Rates of fluid ingestion alter pacing but not thermoregulatory responses during prolonged exercise in hot and humid conditions with appropriate convective cooling. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2009 Jan;105(1):69-80.

Rae DE, Knobel GJ, Mann T, Swart J, Tucker R, Noakes TD. Heatstroke during endurance exercise: is there evidence for excessive endothermy? Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008 Jul;40(7):1193-204.

Lambert MI, Mann T, Dugas JP. Ethnicity and temperature regulation. Med Sport Sci. 2008;53:104-20.

Crewe H, Tucker R, Noakes TD. The rate of increase in rating of perceived exertion predicts the duration of exercise to fatigue at a fixed power output in different environmental conditions. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2008 Jul;103(5):569-77.

Tucker R, Kayser B, Rae E, Raunch L, Bosch A, Noakes T. Hyperoxia improves 20 km cycling time trial performance by increasing muscle activation levels while perceived exertion stays the same. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2007 Dec;101(6):771-81.

Atkinson G, Peacock O, St Clair Gibson A, Tucker R. Distribution of power output during cycling: impact and mechanisms. Sports Med. 2007;37(8):647-67.

Hew-Butler T, Sharwood K, Boulter J, Collins M, Tucker R, Dugas J, Shave R, George K, Cable T, Verbalis JG, Noakes T. Dysnatremia predicts a delayed recovery in collapsed ultramarathon runners. Clin J Sport Med. 2007 Jul;17(4):289-96.

Lambert EV, Goedecke JH, Bluett K, Heggie K, Claassen A, Rae DE, West S, Dugas J, Dugas L, Meltzeri S, Charlton K, Mohede I. Conjugated linoleic acid versus high-oleic acid sunflower oil: effects on energy metabolism, glucose tolerance, blood lipids, appetite and body composition in regularly exercising individuals. Br J Nutr. 2007 May;97(5):1001-11.

Tucker R. Response to Marcora Letter. J Physiol. 2006 Nov 23

Tucker R, Bester A, Lambert EV, Noakes TD, Vaughan CL, St Clair Gibson A. Non-random fluctuations in power output during self-paced exercise. Br J Sports Med. 2006 Nov;40(11):912-7; discussion 917.

Tucker R, Lambert MI, Noakes TD. An analysis of pacing strategies during men's world-record performances in track athletics. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2006 Sep;1(3):233-45.

St Clair Gibson A, Lambert EV, Rauch LH, Tucker R, Baden DA, Foster C, Noakes TD. The role of information processing between the brain and peripheral physiological systems in pacing and perception of effort. Sports Med. 2006;36(8):705-22.

Tucker R, Marle T, Lambert EV, Noakes TD. The rate of heat storage mediates an anticipatory reduction in exercise intensity during cycling at a fixed rating of perceived exertion. J Physiol. 2006 Aug 1;574(Pt 3):905-15.

Dugas J. Sodium ingestion and hyponatraemia: sports drinks do not prevent a fall in serum sodium concentration during exercise. Br J Sports Med. 2006 Apr;40(4):372.

Noakes TD, Sharwood K, Speedy D, Hew T, Reid S, Dugas J, Almond C, Wharam P, Weschler L. Three independent biological mechanisms cause exercise-associated hyponatremia: evidence from 2,135 weighed competitive athletic performances. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Dec 20;102(51):18550-5.

Baden DA, McLean TL, Tucker R, Noakes TD, St Clair Gibson A. Effect of anticipation during unknown or unexpected exercise duration on rating of perceived exertion, affect, and physiological function. Br J Sports Med. 2005 Oct;39(10):742-6; discussion 742-6.

Saunders AG, Dugas JP, Tucker R, Lambert MI, Noakes TD. The effects of different air velocities on heat storage and body temperature in humans cycling in a hot, humid environment. Acta Physiol Scand. 2005 Mar;183(3):241-55.

Dugas JP, Noakes TD. Hyponatraemic encephalopathy despite a modest rate of fluid intake during a 109 km cycle race. Br J Sports Med. 2005 Oct;39(10):e38; discussion e38.

Hew-Butler T, Almond C, Ayus JC, Dugas J, Meeuwisse W, Noakes T, Reid S, Siegel A, Speedy D, Stuempfle K, Verbalis J, Weschler L; Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia (EAH) Consensus Panel. Consensus statement of the 1st International Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia Consensus Development Conference, Cape Town, South Africa 2005. Clin J Sport Med. 2005 Jul;15(4):208-13.

Albertus Y, Tucker R, St Clair Gibson A, Lambert EV, Hampson DB, Noakes TD. Effect of distance feedback on pacing strategy and perceived exertion during cycling. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005 Mar;37(3):461-8.

Noakes TD, Tucker R. Inverse relationship between VO2max and economy in world-class cyclists. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004 Jun;36(6):1083-4; author reply 1085-6.

Tucker R, Rauch L, Harley YX, Noakes TD. Impaired exercise performance in the heat is associated with an anticipatory reduction in skeletal muscle recruitment. Pflugers Arch. 2004 Jul;448(4):422-30.

Hampson DB, St Clair Gibson A, Lambert MI, Dugas JP, Lambert EV, Noakes TD. Deception and perceived exertion during high-intensity running bouts. Percept Mot Skills. 2004 Jun;98(3 Pt 1):1027-38.

Mitchell JB, McFarlin BK, Dugas JP. The effect of pre-exercise cooling on high intensity running performance in the heat. Int J Sports Med. 2003 Feb;24(2):118-24.

Mitchell JB, Dugas JP, McFarlin BK, Nelson MJ. Effect of exercise, heat stress, and hydration on immune cell number and function. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002 Dec;34(12):1941-50.

Mitchell JB, Schiller ER, Miller JR, Dugas JP. The influence of different external cooling methods on thermoregulatory responses before and after intense intermittent exercise in the heat. J Strength Cond Res. 2001 May;15(2):247-54.

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Top 8 of 2008 Review

Sports News Stories
One of our main purposes on this site is to try to bring sports news stories to life with a "behind-the-scenes' insight, borrowing from science and our own experience.  These are often 'opinion-pieces', news articles where we try to explain the hows and whys, but are not free of our own biases.  Hopefully they provide a different perspective!

Below are some of the big stories, and our opinions.


The Floyd Landis - Lance Armstrong affair
Caster Semenya - the battle rages on

Topical sports science and analysis

Here at the Science of Sport, our objective is to give the second, third and fourth level of insight into sports news. So having learned WHAT happened in your local paper or on the television, our goal is to tell you WHY and HOW it happened.

So below is a list of some of the topical sports stories we've covered here in The Science of Sport. Each one is a link, so click to be directed to the article:
  • Ed Coyle and Lance Armstrong: The scientific "fraud"
  1. Introduction: What Coyle found, and why it was challenged as false
  2. The "minor miscalculation" - Coyle's error is revealed by fellow scientists
  3. Fact and philosophy - Coyle's arrogant response to the challenge
  • Oscar Pistorius articles AFTER the CAS verdict: Evaluating the "science"
  1. The CAS verdict. Pistorius is cleared, and Pandora's box is opened
  2. The implications of the CAS verdict: Running community opinions
  3. The Law vs. Science: How marketing won the day in the courtroom
  4. Exposing some of the lies and myths of Oscar Pistorius
  5. The remarkable physiology of Oscar Pistorius
  • Oscar Pistorius - should he be allowed to run?
  • IAAF world Championships in Osaka, 2007
  • Preview of 2008
  • Review of 2007
      • Highs and lows - sudden death of athletes and great victories
      • Performance of the year
      • Athlete of the year
      • Choker of the year
      • Undo a lifetime of achievement award
      • Losing sleep over the future award
As more stories hit the news, we'll do our best to cover them, and post those links right here!